assata shakur black liberation armyassata shakur black liberation army

I felt like an African woman".[24]. Assata spent six and a half years in prison under brutal circumstances before escaping out of the maximum security wing of the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey in 1979 and moving to . [188][189] In part for his role in the event, Mutulu was named on July 23, 1982, as the 380th addition to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, where he remained for the next four years until his capture in 1986. [59][61], The stop occurred 200 yards (183m) south of what was then the Turnpike Authority administration building. She said that her aunt was "very sophisticated and knew all kinds of things. "[12], On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45a.m.,[58] Assata Shakur, along with Zayd Malik Shakur (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick for driving with a broken tail light by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle. [216], The United States Congress passed a non-binding resolution in September 1998, asking Cuba for the return of Shakur as well as 90 fugitives believed by Congress to be residing in Cuba; House Concurrent Resolution 254 passed 3710 in the House and by unanimous consent in the Senate. [210], In 1997, Carl Williams, the superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, wrote a letter to Pope John Paul II asking him to raise the issue of Shakur's extradition during his talks with President Fidel Castro. . The Reemergence of Class in Critical Race Theory Symposium: Essay: Accumulation". I didn't feel like no Joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. Beginning in 1971, Shakur was allegedly involved in several incidents of assault and robbery, in which she was charged or identified as wanted for questioning, including attacks on New York City police and bank robberies in the area. Exploring her well-read autobiography last year changed my life. [138] Upon hearing the verdict, Shakur saidin a barely audible voice "I am ashamed that I have even taken part in this trial", and that the jury was racist and had "convicted a woman with her hands up". Chesimard v. Kuhlthau, 370 F. Supp. Hanley, Robert (November 4, 1979). The FBI circulated wanted posters throughout the New York New Jersey area; her supporters hung "Assata Shakur is Welcome Here" posters in response. (February 20, 1974). [227], A documentary film about Shakur, Eyes of the Rainbow, written and directed by Cuban filmmaker Gloria Rolando, appeared in 1997. She escaped from prison in 1979 and is currently wanted by the FBI, with a $1 million reward for her apprehension. The FBI put out a $2 million bounty for her recapture almost 50 years ago. Submitted by Juan Conatz on October 8, 2012. Shakur challenges traditional styles of literary autobiography and offers a perspective on her life that is not easily accessible to the public. Revolution, the Black Liberation Army, escape from prison and seeking political refuge in Cuba- Assata Shakur writes about her life. With connections to the Weather Underground, the Black Liberation Army and the Black Panther Party, this "anti-imperialist" organization executed a number of attacks well into the mid-1980s, inspired by the revolutionary left-wing tradition of pursuing "peace" through violent means. and convicted cop-killer Assata Shakur. [177], On February 20, 1979,[178] after the Maximum Security Unit at Alderson was closed,[176] Shakur was transferred to the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey. [62][143] Hinds' disciplinary proceeding reached the U.S. Supreme Court in Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n (1982). Chesimard, a fugitive living in Cuba under the name Assata Shakur, was a member of the Black Liberation Army in 1973 when she shot and killed Trooper Werner Foerster during a traffic stop. "Our tinderboxes for radical violence". At least 12 aging members of the Black Panthers are still imprisoned in the US. [36] After an $89,000 Brooklyn bank robbery on March 1, 1972, a Daily News headline asked: "Was that JoAnne?" Quick Reference. On Friday (Jan. 1), the FBI made a renewed call for tips in their search for Assata Shakur, . [195] In July 1980, FBI director William H. Webster said that the search for Shakur had been frustrated by residents' refusal to cooperate, and a New York Times editorial opined that the department's commitment to "enforce the law with vigorbut also with sensitivity for civil rights and civil liberties" had been "clouded" by an "apparently crude sweep" through a Harlem building in search of Shakur. Why Cuba will never send Assata Shakur to the U.S. [67] The motion (argued March 2)which also asked the court to require the production of memos, tapes, documents, and photographs of alleged COINTELPRO involvement from 1970 to 1973was denied.[67][135]. She became involved in political activism at Borough of Manhattan Community College and City College of New York. "Bounty hunt for US cop killer on Cuba". [104], The Turnpike shootout proceedings continued with Judge John E. Bachman in Middlesex County. . [113], Shakur was extradited to New York City on May 6,[114] arraigned on May 11 (pleading not guilty), and remanded to jail by Justice Albert S. McGrover of the State Supreme Court, pending a pretrial hearing on July 2. [33][34][35], Shakur was wanted for questioning for wounding a police officer on January 26, 1972, who was attempting to serve a traffic summons in Brooklyn. She often ran away, staying with strangers and working for short periods of time, until she was taken in by her mother's sister Evelyn A. Williams, a civil rights worker who lived in Manhattan. In her 320-page memoir, Shakur gave one paragraph to her marriage, saying that it ended over their differing views of gender roles. [12], She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. [59] The vehicle was "slightly" exceeding the speed limit. "[225] In 2013, the FBI announced it had added Shakur to its list of 'most wanted terrorists', the first time that a woman was so designated. "Black Liberation leaders indicted". [149], A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned during the voir dire, which concluded on February 14. [87] White and Rivers testified that Shakur had guarded one of the doors with a .357 magnum pistol and that Sadiki had served as a lookout and drove the getaway truck during the robbery; neither White nor Rivers was cross-examined due to the defense attorney's refusal to participate in the trial. [58], According to a New Jersey Police spokesperson, Assata Shakur was on her way to a "new hideout in Philadelphia" and "heading ultimately for Washington". ", U.S. fugitive a hero to Fidel, but a curiosity to many, Officials Can't Confirm Chesimard Is in Havana, "BBC Radio 4 - 15 Minute Drama, Assata Shakur - The FBI's Most Wanted Woman, Episode 4", "H.Con.Res.254 105th Congress (1997-1998)", Congresswoman Waters issues statement on U.S. Freedom Fighter Assata Shakur. Assata Shakur was a member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA) which operated as an underground militant revolutionary organization in the U.S. throughout the 1970s. Shakur later wrote that teachers seemed surprised when she answered a question in class, as if not expecting black people to be intelligent and engaged. [10] Shakur has said that her aunt was the heroine of her childhood, as she was constantly introducing her to new things. From: Black Liberation Army in Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present . [91], Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new "revelations" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant by then working for the prosecution. It really had nothing to do with me. [124] Shortly after deliberation began, the jury asked to see all the photographic exhibits taken from the surveillance footage. Krebs, Alan (February 3, 1978), "Notes on People". [43] Years later, some police officers argued that her importance in the BLA had been exaggerated by the police. Allen-Mills, Tony (May 27, 2007). A condition of making a new deal between the United States and Cuba is the release of political prisoners and the return of fugitives from justice. [65] The police ordered Assata Shakur and Zayd Shakur to put their hands on their laps and not to move; Harper said that Assata Shakur reached down to the right of her right leg, pulled out a pistol, and shot him in the shoulder, after which he retreated to behind his vehicle. A fugitive convicted killer has become the first woman to be put on the FBI's list of "Most Wanted Terrorists". [163], In October 1977, New York State Superior Court Justice John Starkey dismissed murder and robbery charges against Shakur related to the death of Richard Nelson during a hold-up of a Brooklyn social club on December 28, 1972, ruling that the state had delayed too long in bringing her to trial. [58][68] Assata Shakur was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed. [208] In the six months preceding the publications of the book, Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt and attorney, made several trips to Cuba and served as a go-between with Hill. [205] The book does not give a detailed account of her involvement in the BLA or the events on the New Jersey Turnpike, except to say that the jury "[c]onvicted a woman with her hands up! "Symposium Critical Legal Histories: Lilies of the Field: A Critique of Adjudication". The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest the low numbers of black faculty and the lack of a black studies program. [89] While in the holding pen, they listened to the proceedings over loudspeakers. Title: Black Liberation Army Papers Creator: Black Liberation Army Inclusive dates: 1963-1998 Extent: 1.5 Linear feet (1 records box and 1 manuscript box) Abstract: . [169][174][175], On April 8, 1978, Shakur was transferred to Alderson Federal Prison Camp in Alderson, West Virginia, where she met Puerto Rican nationalist Lolita Lebrn[10] and Mary Alice, a Catholic nun, who introduced Shakur to the concept of liberation theology. [158] After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. [62] Shakur again attempted to remove the trial to federal court. Daly, Michael (December 13, 2006). [197] In October 1980, New Jersey and New York City Police denied published reports that they had declined to raid a BedfordStuyvesant, Brooklyn building where Shakur was suspected to be hiding for fear of provoking a racial incident. In her autobiography, Shakur claims that she was beaten and restrained by several large female officers after refusing a medical exam from a prison doctor shortly after giving birth. "Squires Jurors Hear Chase Tape". [165] The prosecutor was C. Richard Gibbons. Getty Images Joanne Chesimard, or Assata Shakur, is New Jersey's most wanted fugitive for killing a state trooper and then fleeing to Cuba in 1979. [100] Shakur was immediately returned to Morristown, New Jersey, under a heavy guard following the trial. [213] On March 10, 1998[214] New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman asked Attorney General Janet Reno to do whatever it would take to return Shakur from Cuba. [148] Her lawyers also claimed that their offices were bugged. [122] The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her. "No Checking Was Done On Chesimard 'Visitors'; Identification Required of Visitors Security Review Ordered". 1974). $55.00 + $5.55 shipping. She said she was taught a sugar-coated version of history that ignored the oppression suffered by people of color, especially in the United States. [138] When Judge Appleby told the court attendants to "remove the prisoner", Shakur herself replied: "the prisoner will walk away on her own feet". (December 12, 1973). [17] In Oakland, Shakur worked with the BPP to organize protests and community education programs. State Trooper Harper was wounded; Zayd Shakur was killed; State Trooper Foerster was killed. Prial, Frank J. She testified that she remained there until State Troopers dragged her onto the road. [7] She lived for three years with her mother, school teacher Doris E. Johnson, and retired grandparents, Lula and Frank Hill. [150] The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area. [141] The New Jersey Legal Ethics Committee also investigated complaints against Hinds for comparing Shakur's murder trial to "legalized lynching"[142] undertaken by a "kangaroo court". Sterling, Guy, and Forero, Juan (May 7, 1998), "On the lam, Chesimard is hardly on her own". [100] Louis Chesimard (Shakur's ex-husband) and Paul Stewart, the other two alleged robbers, had been acquitted in June. Farley, Anthony Paul (Fall 2005). In 1970-1981 the black liberation army was in full force. Shakur was arrested in 1973 and later sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a state trooper. [149] Acoli did not testify or make any pre-trial statements, nor did he testify in his own trial or give a statement to the police. "Police by Hundreds Comb 2 Boroughs for 6 Suspects in Ambush Shootings". Assata Shakur: from civil rights activist to FBI's most-wanted A leading figure in the 70s Black Liberation Army, Shakur was given life for murder in 1977. Lichtenstein, Grace (December 11, 1973). "Police See More Military Arms in Use". [78], On the charges related to the New Jersey Turnpike shootout, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice. When asked by a reporter why, if that were the case, it took the jury 24 hours to reach a verdict, Kunstler replied, "That was just a pretense." [134] All of the 15 jurorsten women and five menwere white, and most were under thirty years old. [149], Shakur testified that Trooper Harper shot her after she raised her arms to comply with his demand. I have spent many days and nights behind bars thinking about this trial, this outrage. [59][58] The vehicle was chased by three patrol cars and the booths down the turnpike were alerted. [12] She attended for a while before dropping out. [138][139] Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern. Chesimard's fantasy world, complete with fabricated moniker "Assata Shakur," left a trail of death and mayhem which . "Neurosurgeon's Testimony Backs Mrs. Chesimard". After elementary school, Shakur moved back to Queens to live with her mother and stepfather (her mother had remarried); she attended Parsons Junior High School. ". (2001). [81][82] In light of the pending murder prosecution against Shakur in New Jersey state court, her lawyers requested that the trial be postponed for six months to permit further preparation. [2] Acoli was granted parole in 2022 at the age of 85. During a confrontation, a shootout ensued, killing Foerster and one of the passengers in the car. McFadden, Robert D. (February 19, 1972). ", Seedman, Albert and Peter Hellman. "[242], The Chicago Black activist group Assata's Daughters is named in her honor. [239], The largely Internet-based "Hands Off Assata!" What happens to Assata Shakur now? Chambers, Marcia (December 28, 1973). [231] CUNY was sued by student and alumni groups after removing the plaque. Malcolm X told the truth when he stated, "Education is an important element in the struggle for human rights. The largest arrest of members affiliated with the Black Liberation Army came much later, in 2007. She fought for human rights in the 1960s and 1970s. "Chesimard still stirs admiration and scorn,", Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Rikers Island Correctional Institution for Women, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 380th addition to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, List of fugitives from justice who disappeared, "Cuba still harbors one of America's most wanted fugitives. Cummings, Judith (October 8, 1973), "Angela Davis Asks Support for 'Political Prisoners'". On April 6, 1971, Shakur was shot in the stomach during a struggle with a guest at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. [62] Shakur, in her autobiography, and Williams, in Inadmissible Evidence, both claim that it was difficult to find expert witnesses for the trial, because of the expense and because most forensic and ballistic specialists declined on the grounds of a conflict of interest when approached because they routinely performed such work for law enforcement officials. "Jury Deliberations Begin in Murder Trial of Squire". "Mistrial Declared in Chesimard Case as Jury Splits 11-1". [206][207] The book was published by Lawrence Hill & Company in the United States and Canada but the copyright is held by Zed Books Ltd. of London due to "Son of Sam" laws, which restrict who can receive profits from a book. ". [51][52], According to Cleaver and Katsiaficas, the FBI and local police "initiated a national search-and-destroy mission for suspected BLA members, collaborating in stakeouts that were the products of intensive political repression and counterintelligence campaigns like NEWKILL". [165] Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of cash and personal property. They "attempted to tie Assata to every suspected action of the BLA involving a woman". [88], During the trial, the defendants were escorted to a "holding pen" outside the courtroom several times after shouting complaints and epithets at Judge Gagliardi. Chesimard v. Mulcahy, 570 F.2d 1184 (3d Cir. [199], Shakur was in Cuba by 1984; in that year she was granted political asylum there. But one issue not raised during his visit was the fate of Assata Shakur, the legendary figure within the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army who now lives in Cuba, where she has political asylum. [20][21][22], She began using the name Assata Olugbala Shakur in 1971, rejecting Joanne Chesimard as a "slave name". [19] Shakur joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), an offshoot whose members were inspired by the Vietcong and the Algerian independence fighters of the Battle of Algiers. She said that the police beat and choked her and were "doing everything that they could possibly do as soon as the doctors or nurses would go outside". [161], According to Angela Davis, neutron activation analysis that was administered after the shootout showed no gunpowder residue on Shakur's fingers and forensic analysis performed at the Trenton, New Jersey, crime lab and the FBI crime labs in Washington, D.C., did not find her fingerprints on any weapon at the scene. Born on July 16, 1947 in Queens, New York City, Assata Shakur's age is 69. [90] Both defendants were repeatedly cited for contempt of court and eventually barred from the courtroom, where the trial continued in their absence. 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