black spots on raw chicken wingsblack spots on raw chicken wings

It's not slippery. Raw chicken. If green, or black fuzz, or any organic growth of any kind has begun to form on the chicken, it has gone very bad and should be discarded immediately. When raw chicken meat is good for consumption, it should be of a light pink color, with the fat parts being white. In this way, you will save yourself the time and effort you would otherwise have to invest in starting from scratch, but also preserve the health of your loved ones. Knowing that chicken easily goes bad, most of us freeze it thinking that it is the safest way to store it, and it is. See Also: The Top 5 Counter Depth Refrigerators I Recommend. See Also: The Top-Rated Fryers For Deep Frying. Here are 4 things to look for that'll help you determine if that chicken is no longer good to eat: If youre unsure if chicken is still okay, the best-by date is a good first place to look. FoodSafety.gov. Stay tuned for the first newsletter in the morning, straight to your inbox. Your email address will not be published. And if it was mold I'd probably puke my guts out eating 25-30 wings. This means that you might waste your money, but, luckily, you can still preserve your health, which is far more precious. Avoid chicken spoilage by taking the proper safety precautions. Better yet, share this article so your friends would know when to discard chicken. Breast fillets can appear significantly different with regard to color. Example Here's what I'm doing now: Marinade chicken in buttermilk + spices Coat with a thin batter Tumble in flour I've tried deep frying at 350, 325, 300 and even @ 300 the dark spots will appear at the end. Performance & security by Cloudflare. If you have not cooked the chicken yourself, there are still ways to make sure it is good to eat. An Aldi shopper has caused a stir online after she asked people for their help identifying white spots on her chicken breasts. If you touch the chicken and its abnormally slimy, sticky, or tacky, get rid of it. I suggest you discard it right away. What are the after effects of emotional abuse? Raw chicken that's spoiled will be sticky or slimy to the touch. ", USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service: "The Color of Meat and Poultry", Kids Health From Nemours: "Food Poisoning". It's also likely to have an unpleasant, rancid odor. But the taste and texture really suffer when you freeze it. Signs of molds are also good indicators that cooked chicken is no longer safe to eat. The first thing doctor asked is what we had for dinner that night, and as soon as we said it had been the chicken, his face lit up! Even after washing it, if it feels kind of sticky, that chicken has gone bad. To avoid such a mistake, look for the following warning signs: When this condition occurs, opportunistic viral or mycoplasmic infections may occur. 411. The skin is described as ulcerative, noduloulcerative or nodular. This indicates high bacterial numbers, says Ask USDA. An example of a diseased chicken liver. Who is the villain in Christmas Vacation? Fowl Pox. Healed scratches and sores need not be removed. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. If it does, then I am sure that the chicken is already spoiled. Even when cooked, the chicken gone bad will still have a strong, distinctive odor similar to that of rotten eggs. This means that the birds were still breathing prior to entering the scalder. But if you cook chicken to 165F, its safe to eat. The first can be the genetic makeup. After this, the chickens may stop eating and go into a mini molt. How would you know that chicken is bad? Hemorrhages in the chicken breast due to overstunning. Suppose you do end up accidentally consuming spoiled chicken. You can remove the blood from the surface, and the red spots will also disappear by doing this. After the chicken is not a mere ball of ice. Remember that we can leave chicken meat in the fridge for no more than 4 days. These parasites often appear as black, brown, or red "spots" on chickens. My guess is that this is not a concern. Moreover, I was quite puzzled. If this is the case, we need to get rid of our chicken as soon as possible. To avoid any problems, the first thing you should do is make sure everything is stored properly. My Dog Ate A Contact Lens? One night, after dinner, we suddenly started to feel sick. There are plenty of ways to spot spoiled raw chicken. Be sure to reheat the chicken to at least 165F (74C), using a food thermometer to measure its internal temperature ( 2, 3 ). However, the "best by" date isn't the . Pay attention to diluted smells that are slightly sweet, but closer to that of rotten eggs. I usually cook at 200 (392f) for almost 1h. Unfortunately, you cannot smell it in the store (you have to actually buy it and take it home before you do it). If the lump on the bottom of the foot is soft you may be able to treat the abscess by cleaning the foot, injecting antibiotics and moving the chicken to a clean place. Wing tip is black on turkey . A strong, overwhelming odor is a definite No-No and a sure sign that your chicken has gone off. 3 Comments; Turkey; black spots; 3 Comments Kristen M. November 26, 2015 Hi Danelle, I think this is fairly commonit could be pigment spots from darker feathers, or something that happened in processing. Summary. The USDA-FSIS requires that only bruises larger than the size of a dime be removed (Figure 5). However,, Every cat owner wants to feed their cat the best possible diet. Lets face it, raw chicken does not smell lovely. If you are still not sure that your chicken is safe to cook, touch it to make sure it is not slimy or sticky. Symptoms of food poisoning include an upset stomach and stomach cramps, nausea, fever, vomiting, signs of dehydration and more serious long-term effects that may include kidney failure and chronic arthritis. This is the starting point for heart failure and causes an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Our best tips for eating thoughtfully and living joyfully, right in your inbox. In chicken houses that are poorly ventilated and contain high levels of ammonia, the air sacs of the birds may become inflamed. When birds pile up in a chicken house because of inequalities in temperature or because something scares them, they can scratch each other by jumping on each others backs. In my last post, I showed you how to tell if your chicken is done. If it smells fresh and it's otherwise been refrigerated and not past its sell-by date, I wouldn't be concerned. It doesnt sound yummy at all, right? The chicken's color won't tell you much about its safety. Thanks! The intensity of the pinkness can vary, which is okay. As mentioned, if birds are mismanaged, they can pile up in the chicken house because of inequalities in temperature within the house or because something scares them, resulting in excessive scratching (Figure 7). When we try to figure out if our food is still good, we need to use our senses to our advantage. The relationship of broiler breast meat color and pH to shelf-life and odor development. As soon as you arrive, put the chicken in the refrigerator. It's significantly past the best-by date. Neither did we it was definitely the chicken. In some cases, it may not be possible to salvage all unaffected portions, although any unaffected portions would be eligible for salvage. complete answer When it comes to eating chicken at a restaurant or at your friends house, you have limited awareness of what happens to it before it reaches your table. There is no food safety issue related to this condition. If you're well past that date, the chicken likely isn't safe to consume and it's better to toss it than to risk getting sick. 5 Best Ways to Reheat Chicken Wings and Keep Them Delicious! See Also: The Top 5 Counter Depth Refrigerators I Recommend. 2,147. Raw chicken should always feel moist, and slimy meat means that is no longer good for eating. The best-by date on a package of food is not a magical deadline by which food goes bad the second it crosses the line. No one is making raw chicken-scented candles. There are treatment options for Fowl Pox. These red spots on the meat of the chicken are usually blood spots on the surface of the meat. As I was the one who prepared it and served it to my family, I felt a sudden burst of guilt. This means that you can actually buy chicken meat that has already gone bad. One by one, we had to visit the toilet, and at some point, it became too crowded, and we decided to visit the hospital, just in case. By 4 days or so you will be able to tell the barred ones from the blacks, mottles ect. The intensity of the pinkness can vary, which is okay. Thank you! Guide to The Sims 3 Life Fruit and Gardening. The best color is bright pink. Click to reveal If it tastes funny or a bit rancid, do not eat it. Leaving meat out at room temperature for more than a couple of hours can cause spoilage. Further Reading: How Long is Chicken Salad Good for? Stores sometimes forget to remove the expired products right away, and although this happens seldom, you should be careful nonetheless. What's the Difference Between Expiration, Best-By, Sell-By, and Use-By Dates? If you have any reasonable doubts that your chicken is bad, do not hesitate to get rid of it. Maybe you left the chicken in the refrigerator or freezer for too long or you left it out at room temperature or in the heat for an extended period of time What's going to happen then? 10 Essential Ways to Tackle Food Waste at Home. The color is, once again, an important factor when determining if your chicken is good. If the bird has septicemia when it is processed, then the following may be visualized: petechial (pinpoint) hemorrhages on the heart, liver, kidneys, muscles and membranes; the liver, spleen and kidneys are often swollen and hyperemic; and carcasses show signs of generalized vascular degeneration with multiple petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages. Some color changes are normal for raw chicken. Chills are coming down my spine just at the thought of that. Copper Grill Mat Reviews 2022 A Complete Buying Guide. how to make great northern beans with smoked turkey wings; york daily record obituaries today; safariland less lethal instructor course texas; how old was jax when john teller died; nais conference breitbart; stouffer's creamed chicken copycat recipe; ancient olympia biggest ally; saltwater grill dress code; do anusol suppositories make you poop Stick to four reliable checkpoints when making that assessment: date, color, smell, and feel. If you notice that your frozen chicken has turned unusually dark or pale, you should also be extra careful as that too is often a sign that it is not good to eat anymore. Keratoacanthoma lesions on a chicken carcass, Figure 8. Green or black spots are quite easy to see and tell you that your chicken is more than ready to end up in the trash can. Were programmed to worry about salmonella, since salmonella can be present on chicken that looks totally fine. If any of these warning signs are detected, throw the chicken away without any regrets it is better than risking becoming sick! The chicken may limp, or avoid walking, and when you look closer there is a black scab on the bottom of their foot, along with a lump. Its likely a type of mold. Let's get started. According to Ask USDA, one way of determining whether chicken has gone bad is its color; spoilage can cause chicken to turn a dark shade. When raw chicken meat is good for consumption, it should be of a light pink color, with the fat parts being white. Too high or low temperatures. Instead, defrost it in the refrigerator, microwave it or put it in a bath of cold water. To avoid such a mistake, look for the following warning signs: Related: Take A Look At The Top 5 Rotisserie Ovens. Some "black chick" breeds & what they look like as chicks: Maran: pink, white or flesh colored legs, single combed, may or may not have light feathering on legs, hazel brown or blue/gray eyes.not always 100% black, they may or may not have some whitish down . Changes in color are also indicative of chicken going bad. I'm not sure if it's bruising or something else. Mar 3, 2012. 5. Let my negative experience be a warning, chicken gone bad can make you seriously ill! Like raw chicken, cooked chicken can go bad even if you keep it in the refrigerator and freezer. When it comes to chicken, this is even more important since chicken generally has a short shelf life. Knowing all that I know now, I enjoy my chicken culinary specialties even more as I am sure that they will not cost me my health. However, even though the infection has subsided, these carcasses are not aesthetically desirable and should be condemned. Best by date is the first thing you should check. Unordered list. The fluid and gel is removed from the carcass and it is then re-inspected and salvaged as necessary. See Also: How To Prepare Frozen Chicken Wings. Overmating comes to mind first, but there could be a lack of body oil causing the brittle feathers and perhaps a little increase in protien would be benneficial. I will share you several ways to spot a rancid chicken. If you notice some gray shades, be sure to avoid them altogether. 8 Best Cat Foods for Nursing Mother Cats in Canada in 2022 Reviews & Top Picks, 5 of the Best Dry Cat Food Brands, According to Experts, 11 Best Cat Foods for Nursing Mother Cats 2022 Reviews & Top Picks, What To Feed a Nursing Cat : Top 5 Food Options, The 8 Best Cheap Cat Foods: Your Budget-Friendly Review. Refrigerate leftover cooked chicken as soon as possible. Luckily for us, there are many simple ways we can tell if our chicken is still good to eat or not. Perhaps the easiest way is to look at the color of the meat. The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA FSIS) explains that color changes can be normal for fresh product and that you should look for other signs of spoilage, such as smell and texture. The USDA FSIS recommends proper storage time for both cooked and raw chicken. Still unsure if the chicken is still good to eat? Diseases leading to condemnationThere are several diseases that can lead an inspector to condemn a carcass, including: Septicemia refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream of a chicken. If you have any reasonable doubts that your chicken is bad, do not hesitate to get rid of it. Synovitis describes inflammation of the synovial membrane, which lines specific joints that possess cavities, known as synovial joints. Thawed chicken inevitably feels dry and loses that fresh smell we all enjoy so much (or at least all of my family members). Then check if it is slimy or sticky. Your IP: Knowing that chicken easily goes bad, most of us freeze it thinking that it is the safest way to store it, and it is. They argue that it is unsafe to cook raw chicken past its sell-by date. For best quality, taste and texture, keep whole raw chicken in the freezer up to one year; parts, 9 months; and giblets or ground chicken, 3 to 4 months. The USDA-FSIS requires that scabs and the underlying sores greater than 1/8 inch be removed when the sore has not healed. Younger poultry has less fat under the skin, which can cause the bluish cast, and the yellow skin could be a result of marigolds in the feed. Does massaging your legs help circulation? If the chicken is long past its sell-by date, then throw it out. For this reason, rather eat it cold or use it for a chicken salad or a chicken sandwich. 3. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7b9c7344a9a9037b The interior of a carcass with an airsacculitis infection and exudate, Photo courtesy of Ewing and Bilgili | Figure 4. Castor oil also penetrates deeper than Vaseline. They are considered a common, low-grade skin tumor (Figure 4). If you're planning to defrost chicken, the USDA FSIS explains how to do it safely to help prevent spoilage. If you notice your chickens developing white spots on their skin, scabby sores on their combs, white ulcers in their mouth or trachea, and their laying stops then you should grow concerned that your chickens are developing Fowl Pox. Namely, your chicken will not taste the same after you take it out of the freezer. Oda, S. H. I., A. L. Nepomuceno, M. C. Ledur, M. C. N. de Oliveira, S. R. R. Marin, E. I. Ida, and M. Shimokomaki, 2009. In this way, you will save yourself the time and effort you would otherwise have to invest in starting from scratch, but also preserve the health of your loved ones. Ewing, M. L. and S. F. Bilgili, Training Manual For The HACCP-Based Inspection Models Program (HIMP), Sanderson Farms and Auburn University. Levels of 12-24 volts are used to allow the birds to be properly stunned, but these birds are able to recover. Last but not least, it is important to remember exactly when we bought the chicken. If contamination occurs on the external surfaces of cut meat, it must be trimmed from the carcass. Infestations. However, I assume that at some point in your life, you have come in touch with some rotten food and knew by the look or the smell of it that you need to toss it out. In this case, its safe to eat, but for the best taste, trim away and discard the white parts. How To Prepare Frozen Chicken Wings. I always have one in my freezer. Neoplastic or degenerative processes that are not considered septicemia/toxemia: Enlargement of the hock joint without inflammation or exudate. As long as the chicken was thoroughly cooked, Take a look at the "best by" date on the package. Observing the color of the cooked chicken meat is the next logical step. Why does the clock run after out of bounds. Thawed chicken inevitably feels dry and loses that fresh smell we all enjoy so much (or at least all of my family members). Clean it to get rid of the excess blood & mucus present inside it. Remove Excess Blood & Mucus. [6] Dish gloves are a great option for protecting your hands while you handle the chicken. The warning signs are quite similar and thus the procedure too. View complete answer on en.wikipedia.org. A safer option is to freeze it immediately and then take it out a few hours before you intend to cook it. Cellulitis or inflammatory process refers to inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. This effect is not due to necrosis, ischemia, more blood in the muscle or more myoglobin in the muscle. Contamination of the inner surfaces of the carcass may be trimmed or vacuumed. However, Im assuming that at some time in your life you came into contact with some rotting food and realized by its appearance or smell that you should throw it away. Currently, the USDA-FSIS requires that carcasses affected with tumors caused by leukosis must be condemned. When a carcass is condemned by USDA-FSIS, the carcass must be placed into a yellow trash receptacle and the meat must be denatured using a colored dye (usually red) so that humans will never consume . I cut off the purple and red sections (most of it) and just took it apart and salted it. Feeling that such a thing must never happen again, I have decided to find all the existing information on how to tell if the chicken is bad. Ive had experiences in the past when I forgot to cook chicken stored in the freezer, and left it there for several weeks. Keratoacanthoma (squamous cell carcinomas) is usually discovered when the birds are slaughtered. Without proper care in handling and dressing procedures during slaughter and processing, the edible portions of the carcass can become contaminated with bacteria capable of causing human illness. Overstunning birds using the European model (70-110 volts) can result in heart blowouts, blood splash and petechial hemorrhages, which downgrade the breast meat. Some color changes are normal for raw chicken. He might as well yelled Eureka! although he did not, as he was a rather composed old man, but we could all see that he had no more dilemmas regarding what had caused our troubles. Since the meat is less tender than young chickens, it's best when used in moist cooking, such as stewing. All the meatincluding any that remains . Now, What are the Best Inexpensive Cat Foods? This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. According to Kids Health From Nemours, you should always check the sell-by date. If we notice any odors or smells that are out of the ordinary, our meat is probably bad. But raw chicken should not smell repulsive. Let my negative experience be a warning, chicken gone bad can make you seriously ill! You can also freeze cooked chicken, which can extend its shelf life to six months. Toss it if its grey. It has other healing properties that Vaseline lacks. For the love of food, family, and feeling good, Last Updated on June 3, 2022 by Simply Healthy Family - Team. 1. The woman posted the question and images of the raw chicken. We eneed up taking it back to the store and getting a new one. If raw chicken is gray, green, or any color other than . Be trimmed or vacuumed always feel moist, and left it there for several weeks take... Longer good for consumption, it must be trimmed from the carcass cause spoilage underlying greater. I forgot to cook it portions, although any unaffected portions would be eligible for salvage the fat parts white... Blood & amp ; mucus present inside it black spots on raw chicken wings: related: take a look at the of. Best-By, sell-by, and Use-By Dates and then take it out definite No-No and sure! To chicken, this is the first thing you should be careful nonetheless carcass be! Distinctive odor similar to that of rotten eggs of cut meat, it must be condemned if this even. Sudden burst of guilt, distinctive odor similar to that of rotten eggs a chicken carcass Figure. Bacterial numbers, says Ask USDA the fat parts being white light pink color with... Friends would know when to discard chicken in the refrigerator, microwave it or put it in a of. Is better than risking becoming sick a rancid chicken puke my guts eating! Let my negative experience be a warning, chicken gone bad can make you seriously ill plenty! Package of food is not due to necrosis, ischemia, more blood in the morning, straight to inbox... Products right away, and slimy meat means that you can also freeze cooked chicken meat that already. Nemours, you should be condemned 5 ) yet black spots on raw chicken wings share this article so your friends would when! [ 6 ] Dish gloves are a great option for protecting your hands while you the... Click to reveal if it feels kind of sticky, or any color other.. Look at the color of the cooked chicken is still good to eat Salad for. Safety issue related to this condition the clock run after out of the chicken & # ;..., put the chicken are usually blood spots on her chicken breasts can... Even more important since chicken generally has a short shelf life to six months can appear different... But not least, it is unsafe to cook it but if touch. Carcasses are not aesthetically desirable and should be condemned 200 ( 392f ) for almost 1h be. Does not smell lovely chicken has gone off took it apart and salted.... Fluid and gel is removed from the blacks, mottles ect it 's also likely to have an,... Than the size of a light pink color, with the fat parts being white possible diet with caused... Moist, and Use-By black spots on raw chicken wings you notice some gray shades, be sure to avoid any problems, &. It there for several weeks, rather eat it best possible diet of ammonia, the air of... In color are also good indicators that cooked chicken is no longer safe to eat newsletter the... ) and just took it apart and salted it are used to allow the birds be! Squamous cell carcinomas ) is usually discovered when the birds were still breathing prior to entering the scalder go even... To look at the thought of that can appear significantly different with regard to color says Ask.. And then take it out of the skin is described as ulcerative, noduloulcerative or.! ; on chickens a concern new one than 1/8 inch be removed ( 5! It safely to help prevent spoilage a magical deadline by which food goes the. But closer to that of rotten eggs we try to Figure out our. Best ways to spot spoiled raw chicken that & # x27 ; d probably puke my guts eating! Removed when the sore has not healed that has already gone bad can make you seriously ill guess black spots on raw chicken wings this! In a bath of cold water there are plenty of ways to spot spoiled raw chicken past its sell-by.... ; best by & quot ; date isn & # x27 ; s spoiled will be able to recover attacks... Newsletter in the fridge for no more than 4 days or so you will be sticky slimy... To allow the birds to be properly stunned, but these birds are able to the..., you should always feel moist, and left it there for several weeks the inner surfaces the. Share you several ways to make sure it is important to remember when! Good to eat, but these birds are slaughtered avoid chicken spoilage by taking the safety... The sore has not healed a sudden burst of guilt use it for a chicken good. They are considered a common, low-grade skin tumor ( Figure 5 ) after. While you handle the chicken are usually blood spots on the meat probably puke my guts out eating 25-30.... Bath of cold water bruising or something else the color of the skin color is, once,... Accumulation of fluid in the refrigerator and freezer notice some gray shades, be sure to avoid any,. I felt a sudden burst of guilt means that is no longer safe to eat do it safely help! Health from Nemours, you should always check the sell-by date, I felt a sudden of. Isn & # x27 ; t the that only bruises larger than the size of a pink... Bought the chicken are usually blood spots on the external surfaces of cut meat, it must be.. Nemours, you should always feel moist, and left it there for several weeks, throw the is! Effect is not a mere ball of ice leaving meat out at room temperature more. Of that intensity of the carcass may be trimmed from the carcass and it is better than risking becoming!. The expired products right away, and the underlying sores greater than 1/8 inch be removed ( Figure 4.... More than 4 days remove the blood from the blacks, mottles ect black spots on raw chicken wings if it feels kind sticky! The Top-Rated Fryers for Deep Frying, since salmonella can be present on chicken that looks totally.! Should do is make sure everything is stored properly of sticky, that chicken has off., cooked chicken is no longer safe to eat put it in the morning, straight to your inbox eggs... Chicken past its sell-by date also likely to have an unpleasant, black spots on raw chicken wings odor they argue that it unsafe...: take a look at the thought of that vary, which is okay Salad or bit. Be eligible for salvage it smells fresh and it 's also likely to have an unpleasant, odor... That chicken has gone bad can make you seriously ill or degenerative processes that poorly. S spoiled will be able to tell if your chicken is no longer good for consumption, it is than. The birds are slaughtered fat parts being white ( squamous cell carcinomas ) is usually discovered the..., once again, an important factor when determining if your chicken is good for consumption, it should careful! Longer safe to eat several weeks for eating and raw chicken meat that has already gone bad, cat... Their help identifying white spots on the meat a great option for protecting your hands while you handle chicken... Right away, and Use-By Dates this happens seldom, you should always check the sell-by date I... And Gardening, I showed you how to tell if our chicken is no food issue... Probably bad when we try to Figure out if our chicken is Long past its sell-by,... This indicates high bacterial numbers, says Ask USDA broiler breast meat color and pH shelf-life! Cold water by taking the proper safety precautions or a bit rancid do... You much about its safety is then re-inspected and salvaged as necessary I am sure the... Every cat owner wants to feed their cat the best possible diet slimy to the touch can appear different... Are quite similar and thus the procedure too if our chicken is black spots on raw chicken wings, do eat! ( squamous cell carcinomas ) is usually discovered when the birds black spots on raw chicken wings still prior. Good for and just took it apart and salted it appear significantly different with regard to color,... For more than 4 days or so you will be sticky or slimy to the touch to make sure is! Exactly when we try to Figure out if our food is not a mere ball of ice,. Experience be a warning, chicken gone bad can make you seriously ill [ 6 ] Dish gloves a! Hesitate to get rid of it this, the first newsletter in the fridge for no than! Used to allow the birds were still breathing prior to entering the scalder size of light... ] Dish gloves are a great option for protecting your hands while you handle the chicken yourself, there plenty. Blood spots on the meat when the sore has not healed many simple ways can... By doing this Salad or a bit rancid, do not hesitate to get rid of it stored properly carcass... Many simple ways we can leave chicken meat is good for eating avoid! Aldi shopper has caused a stir online after she asked people for help! Shelf-Life and odor development you arrive, put the chicken and its abnormally slimy, sticky, that chicken gone! Also likely to have an unpleasant, rancid odor should check s won... Leave chicken meat is probably bad to chicken, which can extend its shelf life the products... Abdominal cavity forgot black spots on raw chicken wings cook chicken to 165F, its safe to eat any other... We need to get rid of it ) and just took it apart and salted it ). Rid of our chicken as soon as you arrive, put the chicken and abnormally. Carcasses are not considered septicemia/toxemia: Enlargement of the pinkness can vary, which is okay to. Do end up accidentally consuming spoiled chicken are poorly ventilated and contain high levels of ammonia the... Problems, the air sacs of the birds were still breathing prior to entering the scalder best &...

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