describe the policies of akbardescribe the policies of akbar

[84] While the revenue assessment system showed concern for the small peasantry, it also maintained a level of distrust towards the revenue officials. [17] Akbar also established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women,[18] and he decreed the establishment of schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus throughout the realm. [43] His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the Second Battle of Panipat, 50 miles (80km) north of Delhi. [28][5], Following the chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son Islam Shah, Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555,[29] leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally Tahmasp I. It was [102], Another legend is that Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was enamored by Tansen and had a role in his coming to Akbar's court. Believing the area to be a lucky one for himself, he had a mosque constructed there for the use of the priest. Religious policy: He abolished the pilgrim tax and jiziya; In 1575, he ordered for the construction of Ibadat Khana (House of [citation needed], The practice of arranging marriages between Hindu princesses and Muslim kings was known much before Akbar's time, but in most cases, these marriages did not lead to any stable relations between the families involved, and the women were lost to their families and did not return after marriage. A large number of nobles accompanied her. Updated: [167], Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty. Akbar and his forces occupied Lahore and then seized Multan in the Punjab. [169], Akbar practised several Hindu customs. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as elements of Zoroastrianism and Christianity. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. She held a great influence on Akbar. [47] However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion. [70] Akbar immediately fielded new armies to reinvade the Yusufzai lands under the command of Raja Todar Mal. Administration of the Mughals The Mughal Emperors established a centralised State based on military power. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal. The two delivered the lady to Akbar's court where the marriage took place on 12 July 1577. Furthermore, it strived to foster a climate conducive to commerce by requiring local administrators to provide restitution to traders for goods stolen while in their territory. Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. [177], Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian Abul Fazl in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-akbari. [91][92], The reign of Akbar was characterized by commercial expansion. [220] She came to Ajmer and waited upon Akbar. [57][58] The booty that fell into the hands of the Mughals was distributed throughout the empire. His foster brother retained all the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison, their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were the descendants of Muhammad. The library: an illustrated history. WebJalaluddin Akbar (1556-1605) was considered the greatest of all the Mughal emperors, for he not only expanded but also consolidated his empire, making it the largest, strongest and richest kingdom of his time. Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed. She was bestowed with the name 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God) by Akbar shortly after her marriage. In 1575, he built a hall called the Ibadat Khana ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics, and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements and discussed matters of spirituality with them. Delhi was left under the regency of Tardi Baig Khan. She became his first wife to honour the royal mansion with an heir. [125], The imperial Mughal entourage stayed in Mecca and Medina for nearly four years and attended the Hajj four times. Their dynasty was called Din Laqab and had been living for a long time in Chandwar and Jalesar near Agra. Abhishek Nigam portrayed Akbar in BIG MAGIC's historical drama. In preparations to take Kandahar from the Safavids, Akbar ordered the Mughal forces to conquer the rest of the Afghan held parts of Baluchistan in 1595. [88] Each mansabdar was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. [24], About the time of nine-year-old Akbar's first appointment as governor of Ghazni, he married Hindal's daughter, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum. [61] However, it fell only after a couple of months. [188] The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Nine Jewels (Hindi: Navaratnas) of Akbar's royal court. ADVERTISEMENTS: The main features of this policy were as follows: (a) He captured all important forts in Rajasthan. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants. [60] Udai Singh's power and influence was broken. He formed strong and stable empire with the help of Rajputs, a martial clan among Hindus and he could get rid of the influence of his own conspirator nobles and kinsmen. Ranthambore was held by the Hada Rajputs and reputed to be the most powerful fortress in India. He also introduced several far-sighted social reforms, including prohibiting sati, legalizing widow remarriage, and raising the age of marriage. The Mughal army was subsequently victorious at the Battle of Tukaroi in 1575, which led to the annexation of Bengal and parts of Bihar that had been under the dominion of Daud Khan. [73], Kandahar was the name given by Arab historians to the ancient Indian kingdom of Gandhara. The cost of her largest ship named 'Rahimi', built on the orders of Akbar, is estimated to be around 300,000 pounds (Rs 3 crores approximately[when?]). He was the third emperor of After Bairam Khan died in 1561, Akbar married her in the same year. He was a far sighted ruler who knew that there could be no permanent Mughal rule in India without the support of the Rajputs. [154] However, his interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as Din-i-Ilahi. [198] Her marriage is considered one of the most important events of the Mughal Empire. The empire's permanent standing army was quite small and the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained by the mansabdars. [148] In the year 1578, the Mughal Emperor Akbar famously referred to himself as:[citation needed]. [107], In the year 1572 the Mughal Empire annexed Gujarat and acquired its first access to the sea after local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. However, the Safavids differed from the Sunni Mughals and Ottomans in following the Shiite sect of Islam. Udai Singh retired to the hills of Mewar, leaving two Rajput warriors, Jaimal and Patta, in charge of the defence of his capital. Matrimonial alliances: In 1562, Akbar married the daughter of Raja Bihari Mai of Amber (modern Jaipur). "[79], Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the Delhi Sultanate, but the functions of various departments were carefully reorganised by laying down detailed regulations for their functioning[citation needed], Akbar set about reforming the administration of his empire's land revenue by adopting a system that had been used by Sher Shah Suri. However, the power equation between the two had now changed in favour of the Mughals. [7] She gradually became his most influential wife[196] and subsequently is the only wife buried close to him. Thus, Akbars religious freedom policy, that he introduced in order to create a powerful empire, was a huge achievement, establishing him as one of the most influential rulers of the Mughal rule in India in history. The support of the largest Hindus assisted Akbar in expanding his kingdom. Rajput as seen had rendered valuable service even at the cost of their lives for the expansion and consolidation of the Mughal empire. He also got the support of the Rajputs against any nefarious designs of some Afghan rulers and leaders. Akbars Rajput policy in fact was proof of his great statesmanship. Mart Escayol, Maria Antnia. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572. Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications. [47] Akbar personally rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and relieve him of command. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. [111], Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually asserted their authority and power in the Indian Ocean; Akbar was highly concerned when he had to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire were to depart for the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. [211] He also married Bhanmati, daughter of Bhim Raj, another brother of Rai Kalyan Mal. [72], In 1593, Akbar began military operations against the Deccan Sultans who had not submitted to his authority. [52] The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in Mewat, Ajmer, and Nagor. [69] Mughal rule over today's Afghanistan was finally secure, particularly after the passing of the Uzbek threat with the death of Abdullah Khan in 1598. When summoned to give accounts, he fled Gondwana. [209], He married another Rajput princess in 1570, Raj Kunwari, daughter of Kanha, the brother of Rai Kalyan Mal, the ruler of Bikanir. [68] For thirteen years, beginning in 1585, Akbar remained in the north, shifting his capital to Lahore in the Punjab while dealing with challenges from beyond the Khyber Pass. "[171], Akbar regularly held discussions with Jain scholars and was also greatly impacted by their teachings. [145], During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical. When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in 1562, he was struck down by the emperor and thrown from a terrace into the palace courtyard at Agra. Still alive, Adham Khan was dragged up and thrown to the courtyard once again by Akbar to ensure his death. WebAkbar was at that time hunting cheetahs when this matter was reported to him, thinking if he could have done anything more, as that day was Friday he vowed that from that day he would never hunt cheetahs on Friday for the safety of his unborn child and as per Salim he kept his vow till throughout his life. [175], The Indian Supreme Court has cited examples of co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture, calling Akbar "the architect of modern India" and that "he had great respect" for Jainism. He was defeated by the Mughal general, Khan Jahan Quli, and had to flee into exile. Akbar's guardian, Bairam Khan concealed the death in order to prepare for Akbar's succession. WebAkbar was against child marriage which was prevalent both among the Hindus and the Muslims. [61], The fall of Chittorgarh was followed up by a Mughal attack on the Ranthambore Fort in 1568. The marriage took place in 1575. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues. (b) He accepted the services of all those Rajput rulers who surrendered to him voluntarily. [188], Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess Ruqaiya Sultan Begum,[28][5] the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince Hindal Mirza,[189] and his wife Sultanam Begum. He quotes historian Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, who said that, due to his religious tolerance, "Akbar had so weakened Islam through his policies that it could not be restored to its dominant position in the affairs." She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. [70] The outnumbered Mughal forces defeated the Sindhi forces at the Battle of Sehwan. A fictionalised Akbar plays an important supporting role in, Akbar is mentioned as 'Raja Baadshah' in the. [112] In 1573, he issued a firman directing Mughal administrative officials in Gujarat not to provoke the Portuguese in the territory they held in Daman. Or, as some historians believe, Akbar had to attend to the northwest areas of his empire and therefore moved his capital northwest. [147] However, as Akbar increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, it caused a great shift in his outlook and culminated in his shift from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, in favour of a new concept of Islam transcending the limits of religion. Thus freed, Akbar began a series of campaigns to pacify the Yusufzais and other rebels. In pursuance of this policy, Akbar entered into matrimonial alliances with the Rajput rulers. She was the daughter of the ruler of Amer, Raja Bharmal, and was by birth of Rajput caste. No imperial power in India based on the Indo-Gangetic plains could be secure if a rival centre of power existed on its flank in Rajputana. WebAkbars Rajput policy was combined with broad religious toleration. Surat, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity. He was fond of literature, and created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Kashmiri, staffed by many scholars, translators, artists, calligraphers, scribes, bookbinders, and readers. Najib told Akbar that his uncle had made his daughter a present for him. [166] At the time of Akbar's death in 1605 there were no signs of discontent amongst his Muslim subjects, and the impression of even a theologian like Abdu'l Haq was that close ties remained. [230], At some point, Akbar took into his harem Rukmavati, a daughter of Rao Maldev of Marwar by his mistress, Tipu Gudi. In 1558, Akbar took possession of Ajmer, the aperture to Rajputana, after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler. [17] Holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans all over the world adorned his court. WebAkbar maintained the alliance with the Rajput. He founded a new religion known as Din-i-ilhai based on the common points of all religions. [237][238], Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate 'fiefdoms' of India into the Mughal Empire as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", Time magazine included his name in its list of top 25 world leaders. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening and extending even into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God. Bairam Khan did not approve of this marriage, for Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince Kamran Mirza, and so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran. [168] In his days of tolerance he was so well liked by Hindus that there are numerous references to him, and his eulogies are sung in songs and religious hymns as well. The Afridi and Orakzai tribes, which had risen up under the Roshaniyyas, had been subjugated. This, however, did not hinder his search for knowledge. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. In 1599, Akbar moved his capital back to Agra from where he ruled until his death. [citation needed], The coins,[citation needed] left, represent examples of these innovative concepts introduced by Akbar that set the precedent for Mughal coins which was refined and perfected by his son, Jahangir, and later by his grandson, Shah Jahan. [210] He also married Nathi Bai, daughter of Rawal Har Rai, the ruler of Jaisalmer in 1570. [180] According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black, and his complexion rather dark than fair". When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. In another turning point of Akbar's reign, Raja Man Singh I of Amber went with Akbar to meet the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance. [94] He also strategically occupied the northwestern cities of Multan and Lahore in the Punjab and constructed great forts, such as the one at Attock near the crossing of the Grand Trunk Road and the Indus river, as well as a network of smaller forts called thanas throughout the frontier to secure the overland trade with Persia and Central Asia. He did much of the cataloging himself. [59] He remained in Chittorgarh for three days, then returned to Agra, where to commemorate the victory, he set up, at the gates of his fort, statues of Jaimal and Patta mounted on elephants. To minimize such incidents, bands of highway police called rahdars were enlisted to patrol roads and ensure the safety of traders. [75] Beleaguered by constant Uzbek raids, and seeing the reception of Rostom Mirza at the Mughal court, the Safavid prince and governor of Kandahar, Mozaffar Hosayn, also agreed to defect to the Mughals. [54] Chittorgarh fell in February 1568 after a siege of four months. He married a Rajput princess, the daughter of Raja Bharmal. Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came out from the shrubbery across his path. [159], Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. [236] During his reign, the nature of the state changed to a secular and liberal one, with emphasis on cultural integration. [219] On 2 July 1572, Akbar's envoy I'timad Khan reached Mahmud's court to escort his daughter to Akbar. He never again ventured out of his mountain refuge in Mewar and Akbar was content to let him be. [161] However, a leading noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters. [146] In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi a Shia buried in Delhi because of the grave's proximity to that of Amir Khusrau, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a Sunni saint, reflecting a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s. Akbar slew the rebel leaders and erected a tower out of their severed heads. The fortress-capital of Mewar was of great strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to Gujarat and was also considered a key to holding the interior parts of Rajputana. Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service. [19] There he met and married the 14-year-old Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a Persian teacher of Humayun's younger brother Hindal Mirza. For the next thirty years, it remained under Persian rule. Akbar first moved against Gujarat, which lay in the crook of the Mughal provinces of Rajputana and Malwa. [121] In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation including members of his family, including his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships from Surat including an Ottoman vessel, which reached the port of Jeddah in 1577 and then proceeded towards Mecca and Medina. Akbar was a farsighted statesman and the realised the value of Rajput The tolerant view of Akbar is represented by the 'Ram-Sita' silver coin type while during the latter part of Akbar's reign, we see coins portraying the concept of Akbar's newly promoted religion 'Din-e-ilahi' with the Ilahi type and Jalla Jalal-Hu type coins. WebAkbar pursued a different policy than pure annexation towards the Rajput rulers. [66], Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal, Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns. [61] Only the clans of Mewar continued to resist. [131] Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and in order to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Qandahar. WebSome of the reforms of Akbar were as under; (1) He abolished the Pilgrim Tax in 1563 with a view to winning over the good-will of the Hindus. [88], Akbar was a follower of Salim Chishti, a holy man who lived in the region of Sikri near Agra. Akbar was not tall but powerfully built and very agile. [170], Even his son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. Not submitted to his authority [ 169 ], Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity forgiveness... [ 92 ], the daughter of Raja Bharmal Rajput as seen had rendered valuable service at. Are widely open as though in derision domination over parts of northern Rajputana in Mewat, Ajmer, Nagor. 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