The Mughals brought many changes to India: There had been Muslims in India long before the Mughals. AP Human Geography: Political Organization of Space Notes, AP U.S. Government and Politics: SCOTUS Comparison, AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question. [62]:58 Despite these allegations, it has been acknowledged that Emperor Aurangzeh enacted repressive policies towards non-Muslims, which also resulted to a major rebellion by the Marathas. In Britain, Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both Kings George IV and William IV.[187]. Pre-made digital activities. . Omissions? 15.Explain how Sikhism developed in relation to the Mughal Empire. Privacy Policy Birth City: Umarkot, Sindh. [43] Paternally, Babur belonged to the Turkicized Barlas tribe of Mongol origin. x\[o[~7p`D In turn, this benefited the Indian textile industry. He came to the throne after imprisoning his father and having his older brother killed. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. Stay in touch and follow me on Facebook and Pinterest. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. [85][83] Parganas were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire. [181], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. [citation needed] He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. The 3 Empires had similar things that made them successful and similar things that made them unsuccessful: Two categories: A) By country. Thanks to the Turks, Babur had learned new cavalry tactics and, by using cannons, muskets, and guns, it enabled him to win great victories over the Indians, who were still using traditional methods of warfare. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the qadi (judge), mufti (jurisconsult), and muhtasib (censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. [112][113], According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century. [43], Jahangir (born Salim,[51] reigned 16051627) was born to Akbar and his wife Mariam-uz-Zamani, an Indian Rajput princess. Bbur then continued his campaigns to subjugate the Rajputs of Chanderi. Land-Based Empires of 1450-1750. 7 0 obj
Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Formore help prepping for the AP World History: Modern exam, check out ourAP World History: Modern Prep Plus Book. yw>}Fy `WoyzdV] +CUR`,`@cR4Et%!nH,3R+i#e`V_cinzVnOfOg={`IZK[1C8Xl+7Gjyl)var(Gb? /AW[pm[/) ]Rp-d)I7^6},np*EC[Vna`)NN$$b8c"C#2AJvigPn_Z9YRrAg qS{H Mughal government in the pargana consisted of a Muslim judge and local tax collector. Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. Copyright 2010. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. [citation needed] Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar. Directions: The aim is based on the accompanying documents. [126] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. [132] He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal. "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to mili- [13] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[14][15] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . [97] However, a number of cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce centres.[152]. Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl ("Mongol"), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. By 1526, his forces took Delhi and controlled most of northern India. <>
His first act after conquering Delhi was to forbid the killing of cows because that was offensive to Hindus. Evaluate the extent to which the processes of empire-building affected political structures in the period 15001900. the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic Gunpowder Empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. 9 0 obj
[9] Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,[104] with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan,[103] which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province. When was the First attack of Babur in India? [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau . [87] Kabul was the summer capital of Mughals from 1526 to 1681. In the early 18th century, he built several large observatories called Yantra Mandirs, in order to rival Ulugh Beg's Samarkand observatory, and in order to improve on the earlier Hindu computations in the Siddhantas and Islamic observations in Zij-i-Sultani. 1800 Time Period ( remember : 18th century = 1700s , and so on ) DOCUMENT WORK ( preliminary ) Main Idea Outside Evidence HAPP ( HIPP ) Document 1 Safavid military and militia were well trained and knew how to handle gunpowder weapons Document 2 Mughal empire invested a lot of money into different expenditures , paying a lot to their military Audience : Austrian Emperor Document 3 Ottoman . 0
While Babur was unique in that his empire, called the Mughal Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent . [66], Aurangzeb's son, Bahadur Shah I, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. endobj
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The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. In locations such as India, empire-building involved a more complex interplay of economics with the pre-existing political structures, though the Europeans were still able to eventually gain control. endobj
[97] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. <>
The Mughal and the Ottoman Empires were almost contemporary to each other. This was partly because of the hostility that Aurangazeb's intolerance and taxation inspired in the population, but also because the empire had simply become to big to be successfully governed. `RW -v7yE|!%M,iD"H.E a9/
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yA%. The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country. The palaces, tombs, gardens and forts built by the dynasty stand today in Agra, Aurangabad, Delhi, Dhaka, Fatehpur Sikri, Jaipur, Lahore, Kabul, Sheikhupura, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh,[163] such as: The Mughal artistic tradition, mainly expressed in painted miniatures, as well as small luxury objects, was eclectic, borrowing from Iranian, Indian, Chinese and Renaissance European stylistic and thematic elements. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets. Richly-finished albums (muraqqa) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. [9] Under the zabt system, the Mughals also conducted extensive cadastral surveying to assess the area of land under plow cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation. I was happy with the purchase. In Cuzco, the Inca Capital, there was a major gold-covered sun temple constructed high above most of the city, allowing the rulers to conduct elaborate ceremonies in full view of their subjects. Much of its territory fell under the control of the Marathas and then the British. India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60%[140] to 253% in 200 years during 15001700. The provincial capital Dhaka became the commercial capital of the empire. For example, non-Muslims were not forced to obey Islamic law (as was the case in many Islamic lands), and Hindus were allowed to regulate themselves through their own law and institutions. [166] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. Bbur and the establishment of the Mughals, Akbar the Great and the consolidation of the empire, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty, HistoryWorld - History of the Moghul Empire, Mughal Empire - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mughal Empire - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Mughal emperors: Jahngr, Akbar, and Shah Jahn. The Rajput confederacy, however, under Rana Sanga of Mewar threatened to revive their power in northern India. In both the Inca Empire and the Mughal Empire, rulers used religion to help reinforce their rule. [98] India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750. [78] Finally, other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a high degree of independence, thus weakening the imperial court. This eventually led to the formation of the Delhi Sultanate. 1 0 obj
This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. It was a mixture of Persian, Mongol and Indian culture. The Mughal was a very influential empire, but it reached its greatest point under the leadership of Aurangzeb. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader . The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of India, including the regions of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh, and compared to the world population: According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. V:-t9ki
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n,k&3*? Name Historical context: In the early 1500s, India was invaded by the central Asian nomadic army led by Babur, a Muslim descendant of Genghis Khan. This was due to Persianate influences on Mughal ideology, and the fact that the Mughal Empire governed a non-Muslim majority. [citation needed] But, according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. [80] According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, then nominal wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology. endobj
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Answer: The Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the 17th century. They had become Muslims and assimilated the culture of the Middle East, while keeping elements of their Far Eastern roots. [39] Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "Sultanate of the Country of Delhi" (Persian: , romanized:Sultanat-i-Mamlikat-i-Dihli), or "The Protected Countries of Hindustan" (Persian: , romanized:Mumlik-i-Marsa-i-Hindustan). The Mughal Emperors that followed Aurangzeb effectively became British or French puppets. Akbar's government machine included many Hindus in positions of responsibility - the governed were allowed to take a major part in the governing. 16 0 obj
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Describe about the crises faced by the Mughal in the last of 17th century. Dr. Franois Bernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, 1656 - 1668 "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to military men, as an equivalent for their pay. [9] Sugar mills appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. Babur had employed Ottoman expert Ustad Ali Quli, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formationartillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the mounted archers on both wings. The hierarchy of division was ambiguous sometimes, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. hbbd``b`vI@
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W N S E Ottoman Empire Key 0 1000 miles Safavid Empire Mughal Empire 0 1000 kilometers Source: Peter N. Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Pearson Longman (adapted) Kandahar Damascus Jerusalem Suakin Mughal Empire PERSIA HUNGARY ANATOLIA IRAQ SYRIA Izmir Aleppo Istanbul Belgrade Ottoman Basra Empire Mecca . Read more. [81] Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century. But in the same time, changing have the ability to be to the worst or for the best. After the execution of Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1719, local Mughal successor states took power in region after region. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [40] In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.[41]. Thus, the process of empire-building also involved longer-term economic policies that caused a more gradual build-up of political power. What additional sources would help you answer this question? Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi; Jahangir and Shah Jahan were also intending to build observatories, but were unable to do so. OER Project - Free, Standards Based Online History Curriculum [43] His reign was called as "The Golden Age of Mughal Architecture". [32], The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was Gurkani (Persian: , romanized:Grkniyn, lit. As opposed to the polybolos and repeating crossbows used earlier in ancient Greece and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. Partner Solutions The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream
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[183] Prince Aurangzeb's forces discharged rockets and grenades while scaling the walls. }=Z(tP^6q.mE#f<3(yy-ys3]qrc>c0Tkrs?y'~1}_YJ,K&ny"%O#r+'dd"E$MHq('.%CFF9Y%R,. [citation needed] Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court, and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. The Common Core Standards were written and developed by The National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. [103] The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, sugar cane, tree-crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand. The AP World History: Modern Exam requires you to complete a document-based question, which is why we have provided example DBQs and tips for writing reponses below. While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. 9WN.F4I;>9g}v3v/Ew?2$^ZNuL:0ou`}\=oJ\{,){z%vg4y3[JV0yj(g;&k3{ym}t8pj]z\cPO The Emperor proclaimed an entirely new state religion of 'God-ism' (Din-i-ilahi) - a jumble of Islamic, Hindu, Christian and Buddhist teaching with himself as deity. The autobiography is candid, honest and at times even poetic. This reinforced the rulers' connection to the sun God Inti. There was a scornful laughter and Akbar asked for an explanation. [97], The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire reached the peak of its military power, but the rule was unstable. i1
fbG(/,a-7gggi`Vw)qjO64MO`" Political and religious climates of the Muslim Empires in 1450-1750 were tense, however religious tolerance . Babur used this formation at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, where the Afghan and Rajput forces loyal to the Delhi Sultanate, though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons, were defeated. 2("%m'N*\ Under Babur Hinduism was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission. From there he conquered the Punjab and subsequently unseated the Delhi sultanate before extending his rule across northern India. As you . [97] European fashion, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco. <>
Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty, and forced the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute. Akbar believed that all religions should be tolerated, and that a ruler's duty was to treat all believers equally, whatever their belief. 008g,:sVf"fWigbqCitVY*YFXP`Kp#GGK6p4(i4h Ab`RP>#D"@w5)fb>_YYy`'+a4# q(u`>;
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In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,[73] a state of affairs that continued until the Second Anglo-Maratha War. [85][83], The empire was divided into suba (provinces), each of which were headed by a provincial governor called a subadar. 9z26A,VsN"j Uj9VnKN:twO'[ZjK:g,PPh+._K9fAoF1jF%
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It was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (158990 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Bburs father, Umar Shaykh Mrz, ruled the small principality of Fergana to the north of the Hindu Kush mountain range; Bbur inherited the principality at a young age, in 1494. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. Black, Jeremy. The Mughals were Muslims who ruled a country with a large Hindu majority. Gender: Male. As if to confirm it, Jahan had these lines inscribed there: "If there is Paradise on earth, it is here, it is here.". His letter could be part of a calculated approach to get help restoring his political power by appealing to the Europeans attitude of superiority. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. One way he did this was by bestowing many more madad-i-ma'ash (tax-free personal land revenue grants given to religiously learned or spiritually worthy individuals) than Akbar had. Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal. Babur (1483-1530), who founded the empire, was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi (1459-1526) of the last Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. [100], The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a uniform currency, and the unification of the country. A more successful invasion came at the end of the 12th century. TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. the Taj Mahal), A system of education that took account of pupils' needs and culture. Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty. It was also known for its cultural influence and its architectural achievements (most famously, the Taj Mahal). The new empire ruled over a mixture of Hindu and Muslim religions which hadn't been ruled over together since the 600s. [137] The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the New Year and Autumn festivals. [43] Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king,[62] with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society,[43] while other historians question this, noting that he built Hindu temples,[65] employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims. [129] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. 6 0 obj
[86], Mughal administrative divisions were not static. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. . The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people. Islam Empire Dbq Essay. [52] Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti and was raised by the daughter of Chishti. |Wm[ a ;wV(tp7"`;
d]V ,d^rJvBUc)2=@SUP 6ZnM@wp! mT. The Mughal Empire. Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged. Alternate titles: Indo-Timurid dynasty, Mogul dynasty, Mughl dynasty, Mughal Empire. This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 21:40. [45] Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. In both locations, the Spanish essentially destroyed the empires and installed their own political systems, with viceroys who served under the Spanish crown and a hierarchical class system that gave preference to those of European ancestry. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the Mughals. Parthasarathi cites his estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid-18 century Bengal and South India was comparable to Britain. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith. Rose through Religious tolerance, meritocracy in military, Commerce. Some said rose, from whose petals were distilled the precious ittar, others, the lotus, glory of every Indian village. Primary Source + Lesson Plan + DBQ Bhakti Poets . In turn, the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets, which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States. The Mughal empire and Ottoman empire were muslim empires who practice the Sharia law from the Koran. "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. [116] In Mughal India, there was a generally tolerant attitude towards manual labourers, with some religious cults in northern India proudly asserting a high status for manual labour. 7-@@AI:+ The Mughal Empire reached across much of the Indian subcontinent. During the Mughal Empire's peak, the Fatawa 'Alamgiri was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. [10] For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.[11]. <>
Ottoman Empire: Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520-1566) Selim's son Conquered European city of Belgrade in 1521 Military conquest in N. Africa, C. Europe, E. Med. can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgments of the emperor as the sovereign of India.[72]. Bburs son Humyn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. The Mughal qadi was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. [114] This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. <>
Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, AP World History: Modern Past Exam Questions. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. Document 1. The spread of diseases among the native populations made it easier for the Spanish to do away with long-standing native governments and establish their own political structures in the Americas. For example, a sarkar could turn into a subah, and parganas were often transferred between sarkars. Such officials included the kotwal (local police), the faujdar (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the subahdar (provincial governor). [164] Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. He was also a notable writer who described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire. Open Document. Hinduism is a polytheistic religion that believes in a cycle of reincarnation and the ultimate goal of achieving moksha, or spiritual liberation. endobj
[182] In 1657, the Mughal Army used rockets during the Siege of Bidar. Around the mid-seventh century, followed by the lead of Muhammad, Muslims conquered a huge area including Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa . 4 0 obj
Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs, and broke away to form independent kingdoms. [145], Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. Image via Freemanpedia. [90], After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of Shahjahanabad (today Old Delhi). Also using military technology and the support of other tribes, the Spanish under Pizarro took control of the Inca empire in the Andes. He defeated Humyn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540, expelling him from India. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
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